Though still not perfect, my circuit is getting a little better. I removed the second capacitor (C2) from the original circuit design. The new design can detect slight air vibrations (e.g. when I blow on the electret microphone) and softer sounds (e.g. light finger snaps). Water drops cannot be picked up still however, although I can hear the plop that it makes. I guess it is just a matter of increasing amplification.
Now, the idea behind the LM324 op-amp that I am using is this: the op-amp amplifies the voltage difference between the V+ input pin and V- input pin. (See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier.) The V+ input would be used as a reference voltage. The V- input would be fed from the electret circuit. Increasing the resistance of R5 or decreasing R2 should increase the amplification.
I have tried decreasing R2 to zero but it does not seem to change the sensitivity of the circuit--from my visual observation. R5 is already set at 1 MOhm. Maybe I can get a 10 MOhm resistor and see what happens. Intuitively, increasing R5 would allow more current to flow to the output line and less to the V- input line (i.e. the negative feedback). Similarly, decreasing R2 would allow more current to flow into the V- input pin of the LM324.
I will see if I can find some time to swing by my local electronic store to pick up a 10 MOhm resistor some time this week.
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